Agreed on everything but your view on Chamberlain. The Czech defensive line was one of the strongest in Europe at the time. That combined with the state of German forces would not have given Hitler a guaranteed victory in 1938 had France and Britain acted then. Even Hitler’s generals were hesitant and resisted war at the time.

France and Britain may have seen the writing on the wall come 1939, but it gave Hitler ample breathing time to build up German forces and work to isolate Poland.

The West gave Putin similar breathing room following his annexation of Crimea in 2014. The sanctions at the time were a joke and came almost a year later. Even still, as you said, the Ukrainian resolve has been remarkable. They are defending democracy for all of us.